بسم الل الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لل رب العالمين والصالة والسالم على نبينا محمد خاتم األنبياء وسيد المرسلين وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين وبعد

Transcription

1 بسم الل الرحمن الرحيم الحمد لل رب العالمين والصالة والسالم على نبينا محمد خاتم األنبياء وسيد المرسلين وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين وبعد

2 Prevention and control of Communicable Diseases Communicable diseases are diseases that can be transmitted from a person to another through different means ( direct contact, droplet infection, sexual contact, or mother fetus infection.) lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 2

3 Steps followed to accomplish control of communicable diseases: 1- Reporting 2- Observing of the coming foreigners and tourist who are going to stay in the country for more than one month and testing them for certain disease e.g AIDS, Malaria etc.. 3-Sending teams in cases of outbreaks and epidemics. 4-Coordination with other ministries (Ministry of agriculture and Brucellosis) 5-Vaccination lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 3

4 How Some Childhood Infectious Diseases Are Spread Direct Contact with infected person's skin or body fluid Respiratory Transmission (passing from the lungs, throat, or nose of one person to another person through the air) Fecal-Oral Transmission (touching feces or objects contaminated with feces then touching your mouth) lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 4

5 Direct Contact with infected Person's skin or body fluid Chickenpox* Cold Sores Conjunctivitis Head Lice Impetigo Ringworm Scabies lecture notes second med students- 5 Vaccination

6 Respiratory Transmission Chickenpox Common Cold Diphtheria Fifth Disease Bacterial meningitis Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease Impetigo Influenza Measles Mumps Pertussis Pneumonia Rubella* lecture notes second med students- 6 Vaccination

7 Fecal-Oral Transmission Campylobacter E. Coli Enterovirus Giardia Hand- Foot- Mouth Disease Hepatitis A Infectious Diarrhea Pinworms Polio Salmonella Shigella lecture notes second med students- 7 Vaccination

8 Vaccination Vaccination against childhood communicable diseases through the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is one of the most costeffective public health interventions available (UNICEF 2002; World Bank 1993). By reducing mortality and morbidity, vaccination can contribute substantially to achieving the Millennium Development Goal of reducing the mortality rate among children under five by two-thirds between 1990 and lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 8

9 Vaccination Protecting Your Newborn From Disease How do vaccines work? Are vaccines safe? Keeping an immunization record lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 9

10 Immunity It is the defense mechanism of the body against the invasion of pathological microorganisms. General immunity General defensive mechanisms available from birth. eg skin, mucosal barriers, tears, blood substances that inhibit motility or multiplication of organisms...etc lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 10

11 Immunity ( contd) Specific Immunity This type develops against specific microorganisms. It can be acquired in 2 ways: Active immunity: acquired by coming in contact with the pathogen either by contracting the disease itself or by vaccination. lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 11

12 Passive immunity Acquired by receiving antibodies from an actively immunized person or animal. It is quickly acquired Short lived in comparison to actively acquired immunity. Can be acquired in two ways: lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 12

13 Passive Immunity Natural : Antibodies passing from mother to newborn via placenta start falling during the first weeks and disappear within the first 6 months. Artificial: acquired by injection of specific or standard ( non-specific gamma globulins).e.g. Specific immunoglobulins are available for hepatitis B, tetanus, mumps..etc. lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 13

14 Importance of vaccination Diseases that are common, can kill or cause disability, Can be prevented. The main diseases are: TB, Pertusis, Diphteria, Poliomyelitis, Tetnus. Measles lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 14

15 Vaccination Two types of vaccines: Live/ attenuated Killed/ Inactivated lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 15

16 Types of vaccines Live attenuated viruses (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, oral polio) Inactivated viruses (injectable polio (Sabin), hepatitis B, influenza) Inactivated bacteria (pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, H. influenzae type b, pneumococcus)

17 Live/attenuated Vaccines Highly effective They induce slight infection long lasting protection even with a small dose. BCG, measles, MMR, and polio ( trivalent oral polio vaccine TOPV) are live vaccines. lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 17

18 Inactivated Vaccines Produce a lower immune response to a single dose in comparison to live vaccines Multiple doses are usually required to give long term protection Pertussis, polio ( injectable, inactivated polio vaccines IPV), typhoid, tetanus, are inactivated vaccines The vaccines for diphteria and tetnus are prepared from the bacterial exotoxin rather than the bacteria organism itself. These are referred to as toxoid vaccines. lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 18

19 Live Vaccines Long lasting Sometimes given by intra-nasal spray Highly effective Ex :BCG, measles, MMR, and polio Inactivated Vaccines Multiple doses are required Given by injection Ex : Pertussis, polio

20 How serious is the situation?

21 Diphtheria kills 1 of 10 people infected with it and can cause serious complications such as suffocation, paralysis, heart failure, coma and death within 6-10 days. Tetanus kills most babies who get it, according to a study made in 2002 : 6.7 thousand deaths in Afghanistan only due to tetanus.

22 In about 1% of cases of polio, the virus enters the CNS, preferentially infecting and destroying motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and acute flaccid paralysis.

23 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), children are considered fully vaccinated when they have received a vaccination against: TB Three doses of DTP Three doses of Polio vaccine One dose of measles vaccination by age 12 months.

24 Rationale for Immunization Every year, out of 100 children in the world: 3 die from measels 2 from pertusis 1 from tetanus For every 200 children who are infected with polio virus, one will be crippled for life. lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 24

25 Expanded Program on Immunization WHO set Target: 90% of all children below one year be fully immunized by the year Immunization is an essential part of PHC It is a program that was started worldwide by WHO / UNICEF, called ( EPI). lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 25

26 Immunization EPI ( Expanded Program on Immunization) was launched in Jordan in 1979 Jordan achieved universal child immunization in lecture notes second med students- Vaccination 26

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28 Percentage of children age months with specific vaccination (JPFHS, 2007, Section 10.2, Table 10.2, pg.117) (JPFHS, 2012, Section 10.2, Table 10.3, pg.127)

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30 Thank you!!! 30

31 تم بحمد لا